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Clinical disciplines
Anesthesiology, Anaesthesia, is the clinical discipline
concerned with providing anesthesia. Pain medicine is
often practiced by specialised anesthesiologists.
Dermatology is concerned with the skin and its diseases.
Emergency medicine is concerned with the diagnosis and
treatment of acute or life-threatening conditions, including
trauma, surgical, medical, pediatric, and psychiatric
emergencies.
General practice or family medicine or primary care
is, in many countries, the first port-of-call for patients
with non-emergency medical problems. Family doctors
are usually able to treat over 90% of all complaints
without referring to specialists.
Geriatrics is concerned with medical care of the elderly.
Hospital medicine is the general medical care of hospitalized
patients. Doctors whose primary professional focus is
hospital medicine are called hospitalists.
Intensive care medicine is concerned with the therapy
of patients with serious and life-threatening disease
or injury. Intensive care medicine employs invasive
diagnostic techniques and (temporary) replacement of
organ functions by technical means.
Internal medicine is concerned with diseases of inner
organs and systemic dieseases of adults, i.e. such that
affect the body as a whole. There are several subdisciplines
of internal medicine:
Cardiology is concerned with the heart and cardiovascular
system and their diseases.
Gastroenterology is concerned with the organs of digestion.
Endocrinology is concerned with the endocrine system,
i.e. endocrine glands and hormones.
Hematology (or haematology) is concerned with the blood
and its diseases.
Infectious diseases is concerned with the study, diagnosis
and treatment of diseases caused by biological agents.
Nephrology is concerned with diseases of the kidneys.
Oncology is devoted to the study, diagnosis and treatment
of cancer and other malignant diseases.
Pulmonology is concerned with diseases of the
lungs and the respiratory system.
Rheumatology is devoted to the diagnosis and treatment
of inflammatory diseases of the joints and other organ
systems.
Neurology is concerned with the diagnosis and treatment
of nervous system diseases.
Obstetrics and Gynecology (often abbreviated as Ob/Gyn)
are concerned respectively with childbirth and the female
reproductive and associated organs. Reproductive medicine
and fertility medicine is generally practiced by gynecological
specialists.
Palliative care is a relatively modern branch of clinical
medicine that deals with pain and symptom relief and
emotional support in patients with terminal diseases.
Pediatrics is devoted to the care of
infants, children, and adolescents. Like internal medicine,
there are many pediatric subspecialities for specific
age ranges, organ systems, disease classes and sites
of care delivery. Most subspecialities of adult medicine
have a pediatric equivalent such as pediatric cardiology,
pediatric endocrinology, pediatric gastroenterology,
pediatric hematology, and pediatric oncology and neonatology.
Physical medicine and rehabilitation (or physiatry)
is concerned with functional improvement after injury,
illness, or congenital abnormality.
Preventive medicine is the branch of medicine concerned
with preventing disease.
Community health care or public health is an aspect
of health services concerned with threats to the overall
health of a community based on population health analysis.
Occupational medicine's principal role is the provision
of health advice to organisations and individuals to
ensure that the highest standards of health and safety
at work can be achieved and maintained.
Psychiatry is a branch of medicine that studies and
treats mental disorders. Related non-medical fields
are psychotherapy and clinical psychology. There are
several subdisciplines of Psychiatry:
Child & adolescent psychiatry focuses on the care
of children and adolescents with mental/emotional/learning
problems (i.e., ADHD, Autism, family conflicts).
Geriatric psychiatry focuses on the care of elderly
people with mental illnesses (i.e., dementias, post
stroke cognitive changes, depression).
Addiction psychiatry focuses on substance abuse and
its treatment.
Forensic psychiatry focuses on the interface of psychiatry
and the Law.
Radiation therapy is concerned with the therapeutic
use of ionizing radiation and high energy elementary
particle beams in patient treatment.
Surgical specialties - there are many medical disciplines
that employ operative treatment. Some of these are highly
specialized and are often not considered subdisciplines
of surgery, although their naming might suggest so.
General surgery is traditionally defined as the specialty
of surgery of the skin, endocrine glands, and abdomen
(and, sometimes, the mammary glands). In some countries,
it is still deemed a pre-requisite training prior to
progression to training in certain sub-specialties,
but lately has evolved into its own sub-specialty.
Cardiovascular surgery is the surgical specialty that
is concerned with the heart and major blood vessels
of the chest.
Neurosurgery is concerned with the operative treatment
of diseases of the nervous system.
Maxillofacial surgery (technically a subspeciality of
dentistry)
Ophthalmology deals with the diseases of the eyes and
their treatment.
Orthopedic surgery consists on surgery of the locomotor
system.
Otolaryngology (or otorhinolaryngology or ENT/ear-nose-throat)
is concerned with treatment of ear, nose and throat
disorders. The term head and neck surgery defines a
closely related specialty which is concerned mainly
with the surgical management of cancer of the same anatomical
structures.
Pediatric surgery treats a wide variety of thoracic
and abdominal (and sometimes urologic) diseases of childhood.
Plastic surgery includes aesthetic surgery (operations
that are done for other than medical purposes) as well
as reconstructive surgery (operations to restore function
and/or appearance after traumatic or operative mutilation).
Surgical oncology is concerned with curative and palliative
surgical approaches to cancer treatment.
Urology focuses on the urinary tracts of males and females,
and on the male reproductive system. It is often practiced
together with andrology ("men's health").
Vascular surgery is surgery of "peripheral"
blood vessels, i.e. those outside of the chest (usually
operated on by cardiovascular surgeons) and of the central
nervous system (treated by neurosurgery).
Urgent Care focuses on delivery of unscheduled, walk-in care outside
of the hospital emergency department for injuries and illnesses
that are not severe enough to require care in an emergency department
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