Drug
A drug is any substance that can be used to modify
a chemical process or processes in the body, for example to treat
an illness, relieve a symptom, enhance a performance or ability,
or to alter states of mind. The word "drug" is etymologically
derived from the Dutch/Low German word "droog", which
means "dry", since in the past, most drugs were dried
plant parts.
Terminology
The term drug lacks precise simple definiton. Substances consumed
as foods are not generally considered to be drugs, but the same
substances may be consumed for other reasons. For example, many
'foods' contain alcohol or caffeine, which are generally considered
to be drugs. The terms medication and pharmaceuticals are frequently
applied to substances licensed for medical treatment, presumably
to avoid confusion with recreational drug use. However, in popular
media, pharmaceutical companies are often called drug companies.
Efficacy
The effects of a particular drug can vary greatly depending on a
number of factors:
dosage
combination with other drugs or foods
means of intake (ingestion, inhalation, injection, absorption)
the personal condition and circumstances of the subject
(user or patient)
the user's expectations or beliefs about the drug (placebo
effect)
quality of ingredients
Risks
All drug use includes a certain set of risks which must be weighed
over the benefits. Along with the potential to treat illness and
improve quality of life, they also have side effects which may include
dependence, addiction, psychological disorders, physical deterioration
or even death. Before taking any drug, one should be well aware
of all the risks and side effects. For some drugs such as cannabis,
their legal status poses more risk than use of the drug itself,
as simple possession alone may lead to imprisonment. Others such
as alcohol, tobacco, caffeine and chocolate are so integrated into
society that we forget that they are even drugs at all.
Distribution
Two patterns of distribution, licensed and illegal, are created
by laws designed to prevent or punish perceived abuse or to protect
the interests of licensed producers, suppliers and users. Laws may
be designed also (not least with respect to alcohol and tobacco)
to generate government tax revenue. Legislation tends however to
limit our ideas about which substances should qualify as drugs.
Broader ideas (which might include tea, coffee and saffron) allow
perception of other patterns of distribution.
Medications
In the United States, medical professionals may obtain drugs from
drug companies or pharmacies (which in turn purchase drugs from
the drug companies). Pharmacies may also supply a drug directly
to patients, authorized by a prescription from a medical professional,
if the drug can be safely self-administered. Most drugs are relatively
high-cost for patients to purchase directly when first distributed,
although health insurance may mitigate some of the cost. When the
patent for a drug runs out, a generic drug (some known as simply
a "generic") is usually synthesized and released by competing
companies, causing the price to drop markedly. Drugs which don't
require prescription by a medical professional are known as over-the-counter
(OTC) drugs and can be sold in stores without pharmacy association.
Prohibition
Illegal drug use is often termed recreational, but recreational
drug use can be quite legal. Recreational use of alcohol, for example,
is quite legal in many states and countries. Also, illegal users
may claim that their use is medicinal or therapeutic: medical necessity
has been used successfully in England as a defence against charges
of illegal possession of cannabis.
The quality of a drug supplied illegally can be very
unreliable.
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