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HISTORY OF SURGERY
Jean-Andre Venel established the first orthopaedic
institute in 1780, which was the first hospital dedicated to the
treatment of children's skeletal deformities. He is considered by
some to be the father of orthopaedics or first true orthopaedist
in consideraton of the establishment of his hospital and for his
published methods.
Antonius Mathysen, a Dutch military surgeon, invented
the plaster of Paris cast in 1851.
Many developments in orthopaedic surgery resulted
from experiences during war time. On the battlefields of the Middle
Ages the injured were treated with bandages soaked in horses' blood
which dried to form a stiff, but insanitary, splint. Traction and
splinting developed during World War I. The use of intramedullary
rods to treat fractures of the femur and tibia was pioneered by
Dr. Kunchner of Germany. This made a noticeable difference to the
speed of recovery of injured German soldiers during World War II
and led to more widespread adoption of intramedullary fixation of
fractures in the rest of the world. However, traction was the standard
method of treating thighbone fractures until the late 1970's when
the Seattle Harborview group popularized intramedullary fixation
without opening up the fracture. External fixation of fractures
was refined by American surgeons during the Vietnam War but a major
contribution was made by Grigor Ilizarov in the USSR. He was sent,
without much orthopaedic training, to look after injured Russian
soldiers in Siberia in the 1950's. With no equipment he was confronted
with crippling conditions of unhealed, infected and malaligned fractures.
With the help of the local bicycle shop he devised ring external
fixators tensioned like the spokes of a bicycle. With this equipment
he achieved healing, realignment and lengthening to a degree unheard
of elsewhere.
Toronto, Canada, was an early center of excellence
in orthopedic surgery, renowned for training and creative development
since orthopedics was defined as a distinct surgical specialty by
the pioneer surgeon Robert I. Harris in the 1950s. Generations of
orthopaedic surgeons graduating from the University of Toronto program
since have contributed to many of the important achievements in
orthopedics that have improved the lives of people with bone and
joint injuries and diseases.
One eminent example is the work of David L. MacIntosh,
who pioneered the first successful surgery for the management of
the torn anterior cruciate ligament of the knee. This common and
serious injury in skiers, field athletes, and dancers invariably
had brought an end to their pursuits due to permanent joint instability.
Working especially with injured football players in his role as
sports surgeon for the University of Toronto, he devised a way to
re-route viable ligament from adjacent structures to preserve the
strong and complex mechanics of the knee joint, and restore stability
throughout its range of motion, conferring a fully functional joint.
This, for the first time in history, reliably could permit the athlete
to return to the demands of (even professional) sport or dance after
a period of healing. The two major variants of this repair that
MacIntosh developed in the 1960s and 1970s for the torn anterior
cruciate ligament still are the operations of choice performed today.
Although there were many precursors, the modern total
hip replacement is associated with Sir John Charnley in England
(1960s). He found that joint surfaces could be replaced by metal
or high density polyethylene implants cemented to the bone with
Methyl Methacrylate cement. Since Charnley's time there has been
continuous improvements in the design and technique of joint replacement
(arthroplasty) with many contributors, including W.H.Harris, the
son of R.I.Harris, whose team at Harvard pioneered uncemented arthroplasty
techniques with the bone bonding directly to the implant. Knee replacements
using similar technology were started by McIntosh in rheumatoid
arthritis patients and later by Gunston and Marmor for osteoarthritis
in the 1970's. The modern condylar total-knee replacement was developed
by Dr. John Insall and Dr. Chitranjan Ranawat in New York. Uni-compartment
knee replacement, in which only one compartment of an arthritic
knee is replaced, is a smaller operation and has become popular
recently. Joint replacements are now available for many other joints
notably shoulder, elbow, wrist and ankle. The trend now is to minimally
invasive surgery in all forms of orthopaedics. Experimental surgeons
are applying the technique to the spine, for slipped disks, and
to hand and foot pain problems. Joint replacement surgery (reconstructive
surgery) has made an enormous difference to the quality of life
for sufferers from joint pain and arthritis.
Some children develop curvature of the spine (scoliosis).
If untreated this may progress and result in the "humpback"
deformity which leads to lung problems and early death. Scoliosis
surgery was revolutionized by Dr. Harrington's introduction of hook
rods, which could maintain the straightening of the spine long enough
for a bone fusion to develop. Modern techniques and implants are
different but the principle remains the same.
Particularly important for injured athletes was the
use of arthroscopic tools by Dr. Watanabe of Japan, to perform minimally
invasive cartilage surgery and re-constructions of torn ligaments.
This advance helped ligament repair patients recover from the surgery
in a few hours as day-surgery instead requiring hospitalization,
as was the case with open-joint surgery. The commonest operation
performed by most orthopaedic surgeons is meniscectomy, or removal
of a torn cartilage. In most cases this is done using arthroscopy.
Children have special problems with musculoskeletal
conditions and have been a focus of Orthopaedics since Hippocrites.
Orthopaedic surgeons treat crippling conditions such as club foot
and congenital hip dislocation in infants as well as infections
in bones and joints in children of all ages. Broken bones are a
special problem in children because they are still growing. The
techniques for treating adult fractures have to be modified in children.
Although orthopaedic surgery is remarkably successful
in treating pain and restoring function it causes problems in a
small proportion of patients. No branch of medicine is exempt from
complication (medicine). Infection of bone after surgery and the
development of blood clots DVT in limbs injured or operated on,
are common enough to be the focus of much interest and research.
The reasons (indications) for orthopaedic surgery always have to
be carefully considered. An informed appreciation of the risks and
benefits of the proposed treatment is essential.
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